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Supporting ResourcesEventsMaterialsVideosAboutAboutCOVID-19 overviewLong COVIDMechanism of diseaseTransmissionVariantsPreparePrepareVaccination overviewVaccination typesWaning & boostingGuidelines for managing COVID-19DiagnoseDiagnoseSigns & symptomsHigh risk patientsTestingTreatTreatTreatment guidelinesTreatment optionsSupporting ResourcesSupporting ResourcesEventsMaterialsVideos
Patients at high risk of developing severe COVID-19Risk factors for potential progression to severe COVID-191–3
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Certain medical conditions3 Other factors1–3
  • Neurodevelopmental disorders or other medically complex conditions
  • Chronic lung disease
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Chronic kidney disease
  • Sickle cell disease
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes
  • Cancer
  • Immunosuppressive disease
  • Chronic liver disease
  • Mental health conditions 
  • Age ≥60 years1
  • Race/ethnicity2
  • Gender2
  • Substance use disorders3
  • Pregnancy2
  • Body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 3
  • Smoker (current or former)3
  • Use of certain medications2
  • Certain occupations2
  • Poverty and crowding2
  • Certain medical conditions3
Risk factors and COVID-19 outcomes

Age and comorbidities play a role in progression to severe COVID-19:3

COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, RR: risk ratio

High-risk factors and their impact on COVID-19 outcomes

A prospective cohort study in hospitalised patients showed that the accumulation of hypertension, dyslipidaemia and diabetes leads to a stepwise increased risk for short-term mortality in hospitalised COVID-19 patients independent of age and sex.4

In this study, analysis showed a significant association between cardiovascular risk factors 
and overall mortality (p<0.0001), with a 21-day mortality of 11.9%, 20.5% and 29.1% for patients with 0, 1 and ≥2 cardiovascular disease risk factors, respectively.4

Hypertension, obesity and diabetes are the most prevalent comorbidities among individuals with COVID-19 requiring hospitalisation. In a case-series study in 5,700 patients, hypertension (56.6%), obesity (41.7%), and diabetes (33.8%) were the most prevalent comorbidities​.5

Zuin et al. demonstrated that patients with COVID-19 and prior history of hypertension have a higher mortality risk when compared with normotensive patients.6

Pranata et al. showed that chronic obstructive disease and smoking were associated with poor outcomes in patients with COVID-19.7

 Learn more about the treatment options and vaccination types Treatment options Loading Vaccination types LoadingReferences:References:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. High-risk groups for COVID-19: www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/high-risk-groups. Accessed: September 2022.CDC. Assessing Risk Factors for Severe COVID-19 Illness: www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/investigations-discovery/assessing-risk-factors.html. Accessed: September 2022.CDC. Underlying medical conditions associated with higher risk for severe COVID-19: Information for Healthcare Providers: www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-care/underlyingconditions.html. Accessed: September 2022 .Collard D, et al. BMJ Open 2021;11(2):e045482.Richardson S, et al. JAMA 2020;323(20):2052–9.Zuin M, et al. J Infect 2020;81(1):e84–e6.Pranata R, et al. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2020;24(8):838–43.Diagnose WHO treatment guidelines

View the WHO treatment guidelines

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